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Pre-Hasanistani history
Due to the high altitude of the Tian Shan mountain range, Mainland Hasanistan would have likely been historically very sparsely populated.[citation needed] Mainland Hasanistan is located in the wider historical region of Zhetysu, covering south-eastern Kazakhstan, north-eastern Kyrgyzstan and parts of western Xinjiang. There is archaeological evidence for ancient human presence in the Tian Shan between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago.[citation needed]
During the Iron Age and the 1st millennium BCE, the area surrounding modern-day Hasanistan is believed to had been populated by the Indo-European-Iranic Saka.[citation needed] During the rise of the Xiongnu Empire between the 3rd and 2nd century BCE, the Indo-European Yuezhi and Wusun fled to the Ili valley and displaced the Saka.[citation needed] The region would eventually fall under the control or influence of the Xiongnu,[citation needed] remaining under the control of Xiongnu remnants following the usurpation of power in the Mongol steppe by the Xianbei and later the Rourans.[citation needed]
In the 6th century, the Göktürks defeated the Rourans and began a rapid expansion of their khanagate. The rise of the Göktürks led to the westward migration of the Turkic people from their urheimat, speculated by many Turkologists to be Transbaikalia, into Central Asia and the Turkification of the remaining local Indo-European peoples.[citation needed] Civil war eventually caused the split of the empire into a western and eastern khaganate. The Zhetysu region fell under the control of the Western Göktürks and the Duolu tribal confederation administered the area on behalf of the Western Göktürk khagan.[citation needed] During the mid-7th century, the Chinese Tang dynasty invaded and conquered the Western Göktürk. The Tang established a protectorate over the lands they conquered, with the territory of modern-day Hasanistan falling under the administration of the "Mengchi Protectorate".[citation needed] Conflict with the Turkic Türgesh, the Tibetan Empire and the Muslim Arab caliphates weakened the Tang presence in Central Asia[citation needed] and they were forced to fully withdraw due to the An Lushan rebellion between 755 and 763.[citation needed] Following the Tang withdrawal, Zhetysu was controlled by the Türgesh and later the Karluks for the rest of the 8th century.[citation needed] Other Turkic groups living in the areas of northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan between the 7th and 8th centuries include the Chigils,[citation needed] the Tuhsis[citation needed] and the Yagmas.[citation needed]
In 840, the Yenisei Kyrgyz launched an invasion which would eventually destroy the Uyghur Khaganate. The Yenisei Kyrgyz allied with the Karluks of Zhetysu, which would allow for the subsequent Kyrgyz settlement and "Kirghizification" of modern-day Kyrgyzstan. The defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate created a power vacuum enabling the emergence of the Karakhanid Khanate in the the Zhetysu region, strengthened by the conquest of Transoxiana near the end of the 10th century. In the mid-10th century, the Karakhanids under Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan became the purported first Turkic ruler to convert to Islam and began the mass conversion of Turks to the religion. The Seljuk Empire under Malik-Shah I conquered the Karakhanids and forced them under Seljuk suzerainty in 1089. It is believed the settlement of Oghuz Turkmen in parts of the Karakhanid realm following the Seljuk conquest led to the ethnogenesis of the Hasani people. In the mid-12th century, the Kara Khitai invaded the territory of the Karakhanids and the Seljuks. The Kara Khitai captured Balasagun and established dominance over the Chuy valley. The Kara Khitai further defeated the Seljuks in 1141 at the Battle of Qatwan, leading to the decline of the Seljuk Empire and the then-vassal of the Kara Khitai Khwarazmshah Atsiz to conquer a large part of Seljuk territory in Iran and Transoxiana.
Following the usurping of power by the Naiman prince Kuchlug from the Kara Khitai ruler Yelü Zhilugu and raids against the Karluk city of Almalik under Mongol suzerainty, forces dispatched by Genghis Khan conquered and absorbed the territory of the Kara Khitai into the Mongol Empire in 1218. Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, the territory of the Mongol Empire was divided among his sons and the former of the Kara Khitai was incorporated into the lands under the rule of Chagatai Khan. The Mongol Empire began to collapse as a unified entity in 1260 and the Chagatai Khanate became an independent khanate under Kaidu in opposition to Kublai Khan. By 1347, the eastern portion of Chagatai Khanate had effectively become independent under the influence of the Mongol Dughlat clan and they proclaimed Tughlugh Timur as an independent khan. During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur raided the territory of the Eastern Chagatai multiple times.