Hasan Çakar: Difference between revisions

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{{incomplete}}{{Infobox officeholder
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
| name              = Hasan Çakar
{{Short description|Right of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender in Somalia}}
| image             = [[File:Blank portrait, male (rectangular).png|150px]]
{{also|LGBT rights in Somaliland}}
| office            = [[Naib-i-Şehinşah]]
{{Infobox LGBT rights
| status            = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.-->
|location_header = Somalia
| term_start        = 26 April 2020
|image = Somali Civil War (2009-present).svg
| predecessor        = [[Deñiz]] <small>(as [[Shahanshah of Hasanistan|Shahanshah]])</small>
|caption = '''[[Somalia]]'''<br /><small>(See [[Somali Civil War (2009–present)]])</small>
| order2            = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number-->
|legal_status = Illegal: Islamic [[Sharia]] Law is applied <br />([[Federal Republic of Somalia]])
| office2            = [[Prime Minister of Hasanistan]]
|penalty = Up to death in some parts of the country<ref name="noorali">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html|title=Gay Somali refugees face death threats|author=Noor Ali}}</ref>
| term_start2        = 24 April 2020
|gender_identity_expression = No
| predecessor2      = [[Chase Nanatovich]]
|recognition_of_relationships = No recognition of same-sex unions
| term_start3        = 25 November 2019
|adoption = No
| term_end3          = 20 April 2020
|military = No
| monarch3          = [[Deñiz]] <small>(until 25 April 2020)</small>
|discrimination_protections = No
| predecessor3      = [[Shady Morsi]]
| successor3        = [[Chase Nanatovich]]
| nationality    = [[Hasanistan|Hasanistani]]
| party          = [[People's Unity Party]]<br>{{Collapsible list
| title = Former affiliations:
| [[Independent politics in Hasanistan|Independent]] <small>(2011–13, 2018–19)</small>
| [[Idealist Party of Hasanistan|Idealist Party]] <small>(2016)</small>
| [[Unity Alliance]] <small>(2018)</small>
}}
}}
| known_for      = Founder of [[Hasanistan]]
| website        = [http://hasancakar.blogspot.com/ Personal blog]
| allegiance      = {{flag|Hasanistan}}
| battles        = [[2017 Hasani coup d'état attempt]]
| module          = {{Infobox football biography
| embed          = yes
| position      = [[wikipedia:Utility player|Utility player]]<br><small>(preferred [[wikipedia:Defensive midfielder|defensive midfielder]])</small>
| years1        = 2013–2015
| clubs1        = [[South Hasanistan (football team)|South Hasanistan]]
| caps1          = 6
| goals1        = 67
| totalcaps      = 6
| totalgoals    = 67
}}
}}'''Hasan Çakar'''{{#tag:ref|Alternatively spelt as '''Hasan Cakar''' or '''Hasan Chakar'''.|group=note}} is a [[Hasani people|Hasani]] politician, writer, athlete and the founder of [[Hasanistan]], having served as [[Head of state of Hasanistan|head of state]] and [[Head of government of Hasanistan|head of government of Hasanistan]] numerous times throughout its history. He currently holds office as [[Naib-i-Şehinşah]] (''Regent of the Shahanshah''), [[Prime Minister of Hasanistan]], General Secretary of the [[People's Unity Party]] and head of the [[Hasanistani Turanic Society]].


In addition to his involvement in Hasanistan, Çakar has been involved in various other [[wikipedia:Micronation|micronations]] including [[konmalehth:Abelden|Abelden]], [[microwiki:Akebar|Akebar]], [[mahuset:Mahuset|Mahuset]], [[microwiki:Nedland|Nedland]] and [[Empire of Pavlov|Pavlov]].
'''Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender''' ('''LGBT''') persons in [[Somalia]] face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Being LGBT is highly illegal in Somalia;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia LGBT Laws|url=https://pridelegal.com/somalia-lgbt-laws/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Pride Legal|language=en-US}}</ref> same-sex sexual activity is punishable by up to death in areas controlled by [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabab]] as well as in [[Jubaland]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarrubba|first=Stefania|last2=News|first2=Gay Star|title=Death penalties if you're gay|url=http://thecentralvoice.com/stories/death-penalties-if-youre-gay,2246|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The Central Voice|language=en}}</ref> LGBT persons are regularly prosecuted by the government<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somalia {{!}} Human Dignity Trust|url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/somalia/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.humandignitytrust.org.|language=en}}</ref> and additionally face stigmatization among the broader population.


==Offices held==
== Legality of same-sex sexual activity ==
=== Italian East Africa ===
In 1940, Italy [[Italian conquest of British Somaliland|conquered British Somaliland]] and annexed it into the [[Italian East Africa]]. While Italy didn't have sodomy laws since 1890, the Fascist regime still punished homosexuals. In 1941, the British reconquered British Somaliland and re-instated their sodomy laws.<ref name="ILGA" />


==Political positions==
=== British Somali Coast Protectorate===
Prior to independence from the British, the [[Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code|Indian Penal Code of 1860]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somaliland Criminal Law|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/criminal_law.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.somalilandlaw.com}}</ref> was applied in [[British Somaliland|British Somali Coast protectorate]].<ref name="penal code">[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Penal_Code_English.pdf LEGISLATIVE DECREE NO. 5 OF 16 December 1962]</ref>


==Controversies==
=== Somali Republic ===
===Authoritarianism and corruption===
In 1964, a new penal code came into force in the [[Somali Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Somaliland Criminal Law|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/criminal_law.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.somalilandlaw.com}}</ref> The code states that "Whoever has carnal intercourse with a person of the same sex shall be punished, where the act does not constitute a more serious crime, with imprisonment from three months to three years. Where the act committed is an act of lust different from carnal intercourse, the punishment imposed shall be reduced by one-third."<ref name="penal code" /> The code has since been abolished by the United Kingdom after seeing it as one of the most discriminating laws crafted by a former world power. The [[United Kingdom]] has since then legalised [[homosexuality]], [[Civil partnership in the United Kingdom|civil partnership]], and [[Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom|same-sex marriage]].<ref name="penal code" />


==Electoral history in Hasanistan==
=== Somali Democratic Republic ===
{{main|Electoral history of Hasan Çakar}}
Under Article 409 of the Somali Penal Code introduced in 1973, sexual intercourse with a person of the same sex is punishable by imprisonment from three months to three years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entry #485: Homosexual activity in Somalia|url=https://www.equaldex.com/log/485|access-date=2021-02-03|website=Equaldex|language=en}}</ref> An "act of lust" other than sexual intercourse is punishable by a prison term of two months to two years. Under Article 410 of the Somali Penal Code, an additional security measure may accompany sentences for homosexual acts, usually coming in the form of police surveillance to prevent "re-offending".<ref name="ILGA">{{cite web |url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf |title=STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA |access-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020202330/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_SSHR_2014_Eng.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/486a52e40.pdf|title=Refworld – Somalia Country Assessment|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
Extrajudicial executions are tolerated.<ref name="noorali">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html|title=Gay Somali refugees face death threats|author=Noor Ali}}</ref>
!Year
 
!Election
=== Federal Government of Somalia ===
!colspan=2|Affiliation
==== HIV/AIDS prevention ====
!Votes
Family planning services are hard to access, as is fact-based information on human sexuality. Humanitarian workers have stated that [[Islam]]ic social mores often make it difficult to publicly talk about how the virus can be spread.<ref name="data.unaids.org">{{cite web|url=http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/somalia_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf|title=United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> Since 1999, much of the AIDS/HIV education and care has come from international organizations such as the United Nations.<ref name="data.unaids.org" />
!%
 
!Result
Despite this, Somalia and neighbouring Ethiopia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent.  While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults,<ref name="RCTHIV">{{cite journal |journal=Archives of Iranian Medicine |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=486–497 |url=http://ams.ac.ir/AIM/07104/0012.htm |title=Religious and Cultural Traits in HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=October 2007 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413173845/http://ams.ac.ir/aim/07104/0012.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2008 |last1=Velayati |first=Ali-Akbar |last2=Bakayev |first2=Valeri |display-authors=etal}}</ref> a more recent estimate from 2007 now places it at only 0.5% of the nation's adult population.<ref name=2009factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title=Somalia|access-date=31 May 2009|date=14 May 2009|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref>
 
==== LGBT organizations ====
{{Expand section|date=February 2017}}
As of 2004, one group reportedly existed for LGBT people in Somalia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/world/somalia/sonews007.htm |title=Death Hangs Over Somali Queers |publisher=sodomylaws.org |date=3 May 2004 |access-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811193107/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/somalia/sonews007.htm |archive-date=11 August 2004 }}</ref>
 
=== Civil war ===
{{See also|Somali Civil War (2009–present)}}
In territories controlled by [[Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen]] in Somalia, the terrorist organization enacts a strict interpretation of [[shariah]] which explicitly outlaws homosexuality. The punishment for those found guilty is at a judge's discretion and may be punished by death.<ref>[https://76crimes.com/2016/02/16/report-somalia-too-risky-for-lgbt-people/ Report: Somalia too risky for LGBT people]</ref>
 
== HIV prevalence by region ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:0; border:none; align:left;"
|+The HIV prevalence in 2004 - sentinel sites of the three regional zones<ref name="data.unaids.org" />
! scope="col" | Region/Zone and Sentinel Site
! scope="col" | Number Tested
! scope="col" | Number Positive
! scope="col" | Percentage Positive
|-
| '''''Somaliland'''''
|-
| [[Hargeisa]] || 499 || 8 || 1.6
|-
| [[Berbera]] || 350 || 8 || 2.29
|-
| [[Borama]] || 362 || 4 || 1.10
|-
| [[Burco]] || 350 || 2 || 0.57
|-
| '''''Mean - Somaliland''''' || '''1561''' || '''22''' || '''1.41'''
|-
| '''''Puntland'''''
|-
| [[Bosaso]] || 324 || 3 || 0.93
|-
|[[Garowe]]|| 284 || 2 || 1.70
|-
|'''''Mean - Puntland'''''||'''897'''||'''9'''||'''1.00'''
|-
|'''''Galmudug'''''
|
|
|
|-
| [[Galkayo]] || 289 || 4 || 1.38
|-
| '''''South Central'''''
|-
| [[Mogadishu]] || 1232 || 11 || 0.89
|-
|-
|2016
| [[Merca]] || 350 || 0 || 0.0
|[[2016 Hasani presidential election|Presidential election]]
|rowspan=5 style="background:#0097FE;" |
|[[Nomad Party]]
|<center>7</center>
|<center>58.3</center>
|{{yes2}}Elected
|-
|-
|2018
| [[Jowhar]] || 351 || 1 || 0.28
|[[2018 Hasani presidential election|Presidential election]]
|rowspan=5 | [[People's Unity Party]]
|<center>5</center>
|<center>100</center>
|{{yes2}}Elected
|-
|-
|rowspan=3|2020
| [[Hudur]] || 351 || 1 || 0.29
|[[February_2020_Hasani_general_election#De.C3.B1izabat|Legislative election]]<br><small>([[Deñizabat]] constituency)</small>
|<center>4</center>
|<center>80</center>
|{{yes2}}Elected
|-
|-
|[[November 2020 Hasani general election|Presidential election]]
| '''''Mean - South Central''''' || '''2165''' || '''13''' || '''0.60'''
|<center>7</center>
|<center>58.3</center>
|{{yes2}}Elected
|-
|-
|[[November 2020 Hasani general election|Legislative election]]
| '''''Mean - Overall''''' || '''4732''' || '''44''' || '''0.93'''
|<center>4</center>
|<center>33.3</center>
|{{yes2}}Elected
|}
|}


==Awards and decorations==
== Living conditions ==
===Hasanistani awards and honours===
The [[U.S. Department of State]]'s 2010 Human Rights Report found that "sexual orientation was considered a gay topic, and there was no public discussion of this issue in any region of the country," and that "there were reports of societal violence or discrimination based on sexual orientation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://paei.state.gov/documents/organization/160144.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514181849/http://paei.state.gov/documents/organization/160144.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>
*Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Tuğrul Bey]] (23 December 2019)
*Member of the [[Order of Imam-Caliph Ali Alayhi s-Salām]] (23 December 2019)


====Hasanistani titles====
== Summary table ==
*Beglerbeg of [[Deñizabat]] (2 December 2019)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Same-sex sexual activity legal
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]] (Penalty: Up to three years prison in government-controlled areas)<br> [[File:Skull and crossbones.svg|15px|No]] (Penalty: Up to execution in areas controlled by [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] and in [[Jubaland]]){{cn|date=July 2020}}
|-
| Equal age of consent
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in employment
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Same-sex marriage
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Recognition of same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Step-child adoption by same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Joint adoption by same-sex couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Right to change legal gender
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Access to IVF for lesbians
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|-
| [[Men who have sex with men|MSMs]] allowed to donate blood
| [[File:X mark.svg|15px|No]]
|}


===Foreign awards and honours===
== See also ==
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Karnia-Ruthenia.png}} Knight of the Order of St. Peter (1 August 2017)
{{Portal|LGBT|Somalia|Transgender}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Konraq.png}} Knight of the [[Order of Oglun]] (24 August 2018)
* [[LGBT rights in Africa]]
* [[LGBT rights in Somaliland]]
* [[Human rights in Somalia]]
* [[Death penalty for homosexuality]]


==Notes==
== References ==
<references group=note/>
{{Reflist}}


==References==
== External links ==
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513114120/http://www.afrol.com/features/10599 "Soulmates: The Price of Being Gay in Somalia" Afrol News]
*Ali, Noor. "[https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/07/07/gay-somali-refugees-face-death-threats/ Gay Somali refugees face death threats]." ([https://archive.today/20130827052822/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/2013630131245411453.html%23 Archive]) ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. 7 July 2013.
{{Africa topic|LGBT rights in}}
{{Human rights in Somalia}}
{{Somalia topics}}


{{Notable people of Hasanistan}}
[[Category:LGBT rights by country|Somalia]]
{{Template:HeadsofState}}
[[Category:LGBT rights in Africa|Somalia]]
[[Category:Law of Somalia]]
[[Category:Human rights in Somalia]]
[[Category:LGBT in Somalia]]
[[Category:LGBT in the Arab world|Somalia]]

Revision as of 16:40, 24 March 2022

Template:Also Template:Infobox LGBT rights

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Somalia face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Being LGBT is highly illegal in Somalia;[1] same-sex sexual activity is punishable by up to death in areas controlled by Al-Shabab as well as in Jubaland.[2] LGBT persons are regularly prosecuted by the government[3] and additionally face stigmatization among the broader population.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Italian East Africa

In 1940, Italy conquered British Somaliland and annexed it into the Italian East Africa. While Italy didn't have sodomy laws since 1890, the Fascist regime still punished homosexuals. In 1941, the British reconquered British Somaliland and re-instated their sodomy laws.[4]

British Somali Coast Protectorate

Prior to independence from the British, the Indian Penal Code of 1860[5] was applied in British Somali Coast protectorate.[6]

Somali Republic

In 1964, a new penal code came into force in the Somali Republic.[7] The code states that "Whoever has carnal intercourse with a person of the same sex shall be punished, where the act does not constitute a more serious crime, with imprisonment from three months to three years. Where the act committed is an act of lust different from carnal intercourse, the punishment imposed shall be reduced by one-third."[6] The code has since been abolished by the United Kingdom after seeing it as one of the most discriminating laws crafted by a former world power. The United Kingdom has since then legalised homosexuality, civil partnership, and same-sex marriage.[6]

Somali Democratic Republic

Under Article 409 of the Somali Penal Code introduced in 1973, sexual intercourse with a person of the same sex is punishable by imprisonment from three months to three years.[8] An "act of lust" other than sexual intercourse is punishable by a prison term of two months to two years. Under Article 410 of the Somali Penal Code, an additional security measure may accompany sentences for homosexual acts, usually coming in the form of police surveillance to prevent "re-offending".[4][9] Extrajudicial executions are tolerated.[10]

Federal Government of Somalia

HIV/AIDS prevention

Family planning services are hard to access, as is fact-based information on human sexuality. Humanitarian workers have stated that Islamic social mores often make it difficult to publicly talk about how the virus can be spread.[11] Since 1999, much of the AIDS/HIV education and care has come from international organizations such as the United Nations.[11]

Despite this, Somalia and neighbouring Ethiopia has one of the lowest HIV infection rates on the continent. While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults,[12] a more recent estimate from 2007 now places it at only 0.5% of the nation's adult population.[13]

LGBT organizations

Template:Expand section As of 2004, one group reportedly existed for LGBT people in Somalia.[14]

Civil war

See also: Somali Civil War (2009–present)

In territories controlled by Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen in Somalia, the terrorist organization enacts a strict interpretation of shariah which explicitly outlaws homosexuality. The punishment for those found guilty is at a judge's discretion and may be punished by death.[15]

HIV prevalence by region

The HIV prevalence in 2004 - sentinel sites of the three regional zones[11]
Region/Zone and Sentinel Site Number Tested Number Positive Percentage Positive
Somaliland
Hargeisa 499 8 1.6
Berbera 350 8 2.29
Borama 362 4 1.10
Burco 350 2 0.57
Mean - Somaliland 1561 22 1.41
Puntland
Bosaso 324 3 0.93
Garowe 284 2 1.70
Mean - Puntland 897 9 1.00
Galmudug
Galkayo 289 4 1.38
South Central
Mogadishu 1232 11 0.89
Merca 350 0 0.0
Jowhar 351 1 0.28
Hudur 351 1 0.29
Mean - South Central 2165 13 0.60
Mean - Overall 4732 44 0.93

Living conditions

The U.S. Department of State's 2010 Human Rights Report found that "sexual orientation was considered a gay topic, and there was no public discussion of this issue in any region of the country," and that "there were reports of societal violence or discrimination based on sexual orientation."[16]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal No (Penalty: Up to three years prison in government-controlled areas)
No (Penalty: Up to execution in areas controlled by Al-Shabaab and in Jubaland)Template:Cn
Equal age of consent No
Anti-discrimination laws in employment No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Same-sex marriage No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples No
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military No
Right to change legal gender No
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No
MSMs allowed to donate blood No

See also

Template:Portal

References

  1. ↑ "Somalia LGBT Laws". Pride Legal. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  2. ↑ Sarrubba, Stefania; News, Gay Star. "Death penalties if you're gay". The Central Voice. Retrieved 30 November 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  3. ↑ "Somalia | Human Dignity Trust". www.humandignitytrust.org. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "STATE-SPONSORED HOMOPHOBIA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  5. ↑ "Somaliland Criminal Law". www.somalilandlaw.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 LEGISLATIVE DECREE NO. 5 OF 16 December 1962
  7. ↑ "Somaliland Criminal Law". www.somalilandlaw.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  8. ↑ "Entry #485: Homosexual activity in Somalia". Equaldex. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  9. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – Somalia Country Assessment" (PDF). Refworld.
  10. ↑ Noor Ali. "Gay Somali refugees face death threats".
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  12. ↑ Velayati, Ali-Akbar; Bakayev, Valeri; et al. (October 2007). "Religious and Cultural Traits in HIV/AIDS Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa". Archives of Iranian Medicine. 10 (4): 486–497. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  13. ↑ "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 14 May 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  14. ↑ "Death Hangs Over Somali Queers". sodomylaws.org. 3 May 2004. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  15. ↑ Report: Somalia too risky for LGBT people
  16. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

External links

Template:Africa topic Template:Human rights in Somalia Template:Somalia topics

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